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27 ) Gathering information on a possible adversary or adversaries is only the start of the intelligence process. The raw material, once in hand, must be drawn together, analysed, correlated, and evaluated before it becomes useful knowledge...................... From this appraisal which points to his most likely course of action, the target state can chart a course of action best designed to meet the developing situation. |
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The ethics of secret intelligence operations have long been debated |
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At this stage there emerges an estimate of the adversary’s intentions and of his ability to achieve them |
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But the richest source is usually the secret agent, who is always a highly skilled and well trained professional |
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Intelligence findings are, therefore, usually classified and limited in circulation. |
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In recent decades, technology has enormously lengthened the reach and sharpened the penetration of intelligence |
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41 ) More market research on the likelihood of the success of such an item is definitely called for, before we invest more time, money or effort in it. |
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Once market research findings suggest it is likely that this article will sell well, we will definitely start to invest more time, money and effort in it. |
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A great deal of time, money and effort has already been invested in this particular item, but market research findings are not very positive as to the likelihood of its success. |
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We really must not invest more time, money or effort in this particular item until market research provides us with more grounds for believing that it will sell. |
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Unless market research comes up with some really good proof that such an article will market well, we must stop investing so much time, money and energy in it. |
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We cannot go on investing time, money and energy in a product of this nature while market research findings regarding its selling potentiality are so dubious. |
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READING
Seventeenth-century scientist Francis Bacon was the first to insist that science be methodically separated from values so as to make it truly 'neutral', or objective. In reality, he did nothing of the sort. His 'scientific knowledge', instead of being value-free, set out explicitly and purposefully to give humanity power over nature. 'Truth and utility are perfectly identical,' he wrote in his “Novum Organum”, and 'that which is most useful in practice is most correct in theory'. In effect, he merely replaced the old 'subjective' values of 'good' and 'evil' with the values of 'useful' and 'useless', or more precisely 'of contributing or not contributing to man's domination over or transformation of the natural world'. There were to be no limits to this transformation. His goal was explicitly stated. It was to 'achieve all things achievable'. At least he was honest enough to admit the fact. Modern science has followed Bacon's lead exactly, but does not admit it.
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46 ) According to the author, the broad goals of modern scientists are identical with those of Bacon, .............................. . |
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except that they regard nothing as 'useless' |
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only they avoid saying so |
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although Bacon never actually discussed goals |
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and even more ambitious |
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but they consider him too subjective in his outlook |
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As with all revolutions, the causes of the American Revolution which separated the original thirteen American colonies from Great Britain were social, economic and political and so inextricably interwoven that it is difficult to appraise them. First there was the distance from Great Britain and the environment of a new country which, whether they willed it or not, had gradually over a period of 150 years turned Englishmen into Americans. The older stock was largely English but the bulk of them, as a contemporary historian commented, "knew little of the mother country, having only heard of her as a distant kingdom, the rulers of which had in the preceding century persecuted and banished their ancestors to the woods of America". With each generation and with each move westward old contacts were broken. Furthermore, large groups of colonists had come from Germany, Ireland and other parts of Europe and had no ties with England and, in the case of the Irish, no affection.
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49 ) According to the passage, by the time the American Revolution took place, ......................... |
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generations of the colonists in America had dreamed of gaining their independence |
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the non-British immigrants had demographically far exceeded the British ones |
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many of the British colonists were still trying to maintain their ties with the mother country |
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the colonists living in America felt they no longer had any ties with Britain |
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the number of the Irish in America had more than doubled |
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Seviye Tespit Sınavları 
Elementary Level Placement Test - 1
